Rotation sensor

ABSTRACT

A rotation sensor functioning as both a rotation-angle sensor and a torque sensor is provided which, when applied to a steering sensor for an automobile, for example, permits reduction in the number of components and thus in the weight of the automobile and contributes to conservation of global environment. The rotation sensor has slip rings covered with conductive synthetic resin having small coefficient of friction, allowing the contact pressure of brushes disposed in sliding contact with the slip rings to be kept low and the life duration of the slip rings to be prolonged. Further, no metal powder is produced when the brushes slide on the respective slip rings, and it is therefore possible to prevent the formation of unwanted insulating film.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/316,442 filed Dec. 11, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,725,734.

The present application claims priority based on Japanese Patent Application No. 2002-14185, which is incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to a rotation sensor, such as a steering sensor for an automobile, which is capable of measuring the angle of rotation of a shaft and torque acting thereon.

2. Description of the Related Art

With the recent movement toward the conservation of global environment, researches have been devoted to reducing the weight of a vehicle body, as a measure to reduce the exhaust gas from the automobile. One of such measures for lightening the vehicle body is to replace a hydraulic power steering assembly, which is one of the causes of increased weight of the vehicle body, with an electric power steering assembly. However, in the case of using an electric power steering assembly, an assisting force for a steering shaft needs to be computed using a computer. Accordingly, the electric power steering assembly requires two sensors, i.e. a rotation angle sensor (steering angle sensor) for measuring the rotational angle (steering angle) of the steering shaft and a torque sensor for measuring the torque applied to rotate the steering shaft. Thus, the number of components increases, making it difficult to reduce the weight of the vehicle body as intended.

Such a rotation angle sensor or torque sensor conventionally includes a type having mechanism where a brush is disposed in sliding contact with a conductive ring arranged concentrically with the shaft, for detecting the rotation angle or torque of the shaft. The mechanism, however, has a disadvantage that metal powder scatters due to friction when the brush and the slip ring, both made of metal, are in siding contact with each other. The metal powder undergoes a mechanochemical reaction with organic gas in the air, causing the formation of an insulating film and consequent unexpected increase of electric resistance.

It is possible to avert such increase of electric resistance by increasing the contact pressure of the brush and thereby scraping away the insulating film. However, this shortens the life duration of the slip ring.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is an object of the present invention to provide a rotation sensor which functions as both a rotation angle sensor and a torque sensor and is capable of overcoming the aforementioned shortcomings.

It is another object of the present invention to provide a rotation sensor which ensures a long life duration of a slip ring.

According to the present invention, to accomplish the aforementioned objects there is provided a rotation sensor comprising an active rotor, a follower rotor arranged adjacent to the active rotor, the follower rotor sharing a rotation axis with the active rotor and capable of rotation following the active rotor, and a casing containing the active and follower rotors and allowing the rotors to rotate freely, wherein a disk-like slip-ring retainer plate is secured to an outer periphery of the active rotor for rotation together therewith, feeder slip rings, rotation-angle measuring slip rings, and torque measuring slip rings are all disposed on the slip-ring retainer plate and concentrically with the active rotor, the rotation-angle measuring slip rings and the torque measuring slip rings are covered with conductive resin, the torque measuring slip rings are arranged on one side of the slip-ring retainer plate facing the follower rotor, the feeder slip rings and the rotation-angle measuring slip rings are arranged on the other side of the slip-ring retainer plate opposite to the torque measuring slip rings, feeder brushes and rotation-angle measuring brushes are fixed to the casing for sliding contact with the feeder slip rings and the rotation-angle measuring slip rings, respectively, a torque measuring brush retainer plate is connected to an outer periphery of the follower rotor for rotation together therewith, torque measuring brushes are fixed to the torque measuring brush retainer plate for sliding contact with the respective torque measuring slip rings, the feeder bushes are electrically connected to each other and are connected to a power supply device, the rotation-angle measuring brushes are electrically connected to the feeder brushes and a rotation-angle computing device, and the torque measuring brushes are electrically connected to the feeder brushes and a torque computing device.

Other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the following detailed description.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a steering assembly for an automobile employing a rotation sensor in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the rotation sensor shown in FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 is a cross sectional view taken along the line A—A in FIG. 2;

FIG. 4 is a view of a slip-ring retainer plate shown in FIG. 3;

FIG. 5 is an exploded perspective view of a coupler shown in FIG. 3;

FIG. 6 is a cross sectional view taken along the line B-B in FIG. 3;

FIG. 7 is a perspective view of a coupler in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 8 is a plan view of the coupler of FIG. 7 coupled to a lower brush retainer plate shown in FIG. 3;

FIG. 9 is a perspective view of a lower surface of the slip-ring retainer plate shown in FIG. 3;

FIG. 10 is a graph depicting change of voltages relating to torque measurement;

FIG. 11 is a graph depicting change of voltages relating to torque measurement in case of abnormality;

FIG. 12 is a perspective view of torque measuring slip rings laid out differently from those in accordance with the embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 13 is a graph depicting change of voltages relating to torque measurement observed in cases where vibration occurs in the torque measuring brushes disposed in sliding contact with the torque measuring slip rings shown in FIG. 12; and

FIG. 14 is a graph depicting change of voltages relating to torque measurement observed in cases where the vibration occurs in the torque measuring brushes disposed in sliding contact with the torque measuring slip rings shown in FIG. 9.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Embodiments of the present invention will be described hereinafter in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a power steering system 1 for an automobile to which is applied a rotation sensor according to an embodiment of the present invention. In the power steering system 1, as a steering wheel 2 is turned, a steering shaft 3 turns together with the steering wheel. The steering shaft 3 has a torsion bar, not shown, arranged therein and extending coaxially therewith, and the torsion bar further extends through a column shaft 4 coaxially therewith. Thus, when the steering shaft 3 is rotated, this rotation is transmitted via torsion of the torsion bar to the column shaft 4 so that the column shaft also rotates.

A rotation sensor 5 is disposed at a joint between the steering shaft 3 and the column shaft 4, so as to cover the adjoining ends of the respective shafts. This rotation sensor 5 detects not only the angle of rotation of the steering shaft 3 (i.e. steering angle of the steering wheel) but also torque applied to rotate the steering shaft. The steering angle and torque detected by the rotation sensor 5 are transmitted to a controller 6.

The column shaft 4 is connected to a steering gear 7, to which an assisting force is provided by a servo motor M. Based on the detected steering angle and torque, the controller 6 instructs servo motor M to output a required assisting force.

The rotation of the steering gear 7 is transmitted via a rack-and-pinion assembly 8 to tires 9, the direction of the tires changes.

FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the rotation sensor 5 in accordance with the embodiment shown in FIG. 1. The rotation sensor 5 has an active rotor 21 and a follower rotor (not shown) having a common rotation axis A_(rt) and contained in a casing 11 which includes a vessel 11 a and a lid 11 b. The rotation sensor 5 is supplied with electric power through a feeding cable 13 from a feeder unit (not shown) inside a controller 6. Additionally, the rotation sensor 5 sends detected voltages indicative of steering angle and torque to be measured, respectively, through a steering-angle measuring cable 14 and a torque measuring cable 15 to a steering-angle measuring computing unit and a torque computing unit arranged inside the controller 6, respectively.

FIG. 3 is a cross sectional view of the rotation sensor 5 taken along the line A—A in FIG. 2. The active rotor 21, which is located at an upper part of the rotation sensor 5, is secured to the steering shaft 3. On the other hand, the follower rotor 31, which is located at a lower part of the rotation sensor 5, is secured to the column shaft 4. The steering shaft 3 and the column shaft 4 share the rotation axis A_(rt). A torsion bar 32 extends through the steering shaft 3 and column shaft 4 coaxially therewith and is connected to both of the shafts.

An upper brush retainer plate 33 is secured to the inner surface of the lid 11 a of the casing 11, in a manner interposed between the lid 11 a and the vessel 11 b. This upper brush retainer plate 33 retains feeding brushes 34 a, 34 b and steering-angle measuring brushes 35 a, 35 b. The feeding brushes 34 a, 34 b are electrically connected to the feeding cable 13 shown in FIG. 2. On the other hand, the steering-angle measuring brushes 35 a, 35 b are electrically connected to the steering-angle measuring cable 14 shown in FIG. 2. Only the steering-angle measuring cable 14 connected to the steering-angle measuring brush 35 a is shown in FIG. 3.

Under these brushes, a slip-ring retainer plate 40 is positioned and secured to the periphery of the end of the active rotor 21. The slip-ring retainer plate 40 rotates together with the active rotor 21. The slip-ring retainer plate 40 has feeder slip rings 41 and steering-angle measuring slip rings 42 arranged on an upper surface thereof concentrically with the rotation axis A_(rt). These feeder slip rings 41 and steering-angle measuring slip rings 42 are disposed in sliding contact with the corresponding feeding brushes 34 a, 34 b and steering-angle measuring brushes 35 a, 35 b.

The rotation sensor 5 is fed with electric power through the feeding brushes 34 a, 34 b which are in sliding contact with the feeder slip rings 41. Also, the feeder slip rings 41 are electrically connected to the steering-angle measuring slip rings 42.

Further, the slip-ring retainer plate 40 has two torque measuring slip rings 43 a, 43 b (each with the shape of an arc) disposed on a lower surface thereof concentrically with the rotation axis A_(rt). These torque measuring slip rings 43 a, 43 b are electrically connected to the feeder slip rings 43 a, 43 b, respectively.

A lower brush retainer plate 45 is located under the torque measuring slip rings 43 a, 43 b. The lower brush retainer plate 45 is connected via an elastic coupler 44 to a flange 31 a of the follower rotor 31 and retains torque measuring brushes 46 a, 46 b in position such that the brushes 46 a, 46 b come into sliding contact with the respective torque measuring slip rings 43 a, 43 b. The torque measuring brushes 46 a, 46 b are connected to the torque measuring cable 15.

When the steering wheel is turned, the steering shaft 3 rotates inside the casing 11 of the rotation sensor 5. Thereupon, the torsion bar 32 twists elastically, so that the column shaft 4 rotates following the twisting of the torsion bar. Thus, when the steering shaft 3 rotates, the active rotor 21 fixedly connected thereto rotates, and also the follower rotor 31 secured to the column shaft 4 rotates.

When the steering shaft 3 rotates, the radial position of the feeder slip rings 41 does not move since the feeder slip rings 41 are retained concentrically with the slip-ring retainer plate 40 rotating together with the active rotor 21. Therefore, the feeding brushes 34 a, 34 b, which are secured to the casing 11 via the slip-ring retainer plate 33, remain in sliding contact with the feeder slip rings 41, so that the supply of electric power is never interrupted.

The steering-angle measuring slip rings 42 are fed with electric power from the feeder slip rings 41 electrically connected thereto. Like the feeding brushes 34 a, 34 b, the steering-angle measuring brushes 35 a, 35 b are kept in sliding contact with the respective steering-angle measuring slip rings 42. As the steering-angle measuring slip rings 42 rotate and thus their position relative to the steering-angle measuring brushes 35 a, 35 b changes in the circumferential direction, the voltage ratio along the steering-angle measuring slip rings 42 changes. Accordingly, the controller 6 can computes a steering angle of the steering wheel, based on this voltage ratio.

When the follower rotor 31 rotates, the torque measuring brushes 46 a, 46 b retained on the lower brush retainer plate 45 rotate together with the follower rotor 31 via the coupler 45. While the torque reaction transmitted via the tires from the road surface is small, there is no difference of rotation angle occurs between the steering shaft 3 (and the active rotor 21) and the column shaft 4 (and the follower rotor 31). Thus, the contact position of the torque measuring slip rings 43 a, 43 b rotating together with the active rotor 21 relative to the torque measuring brushes 46 a, 46 b rotating together with the follower rotor 31 remains unchanged.

However, as the torque reaction increases, the torsion bar 32 begins to twist, causing a difference of rotation angle between the column shaft 4 (and the follower rotor 31) and the steering shaft 3 (and the active rotor 21). Consequently, the contact position of the torque measuring brushes 46 a, 46 b relative to the torque measuring slip rings 43 a, 43 b shifts in the circumferential direction. In this case, since the electric resistance changes by an amount corresponding to the distance over which the torque measuring brushes 46 a, 46 b move along the torque measuring slip rings 43 a, 43, the voltage changes correspondingly. Therefore, the controller 6 can compute a torque based on this voltage change.

Accordingly the rotation sensor 5 serves not only as a rotation sensor but as a torque sensor. Thus, where the rotation sensor is incorporated in an automobile, for example, it is possible to reduce the number of components, thereby reducing the weight of the vehicle body.

FIG. 4 is an enlarged view of the slip-ring retainer plate 45 shown in FIG. 3. As is apparent from the figure, the steering-angle measuring slip rings 42 and torque measuring slip rings 43 a, 43 b are each covered with a resin film 50 with low frictional resistance. This synthetic resin film 50 is made of epoxy resin containing carbon and thus has electric conductivity.

According to this embodiment, the steering-angle measuring brushes 35 a, 35 b and torque measuring brushes 46 a, 46 b do not directly contact the metal slip rings, and thus no metal powder is produced due to the friction. Thus, no insulating film is formed through the mechanochemical reaction of metal powder. Furthermore, the contact pressure of each brush can be made small by virtue of the low-frictional synthetic resin film 50.

Accordingly, the steering-angle measuring brushes 35 a, 35 b and torque measuring brushes 46 a, 46 b do not directly contact the corresponding metal slip rings 41, 42, 43 a, 43 b, and further, since the contact pressure is small, the life duration of each slip ring can be prolonged.

The feeder slip rings 41 are not covered with synthetic resin film in order to minimize the potential drop.

To cut down the production cost, no synthetic resin film may be formed on those portions of the slip rings which are significantly remote from the initial position (i.e. neutral position of the steering wheel) and thus which scarcely come into sliding contact with the respective brushes.

FIG. 5 is a perspective view of the elastic metal coupler 44 shown in FIG. 3. Two pairs of bolt holes 51 are formed on opposite sides of a circular base 44 a as viewed in the direction of x-axis. Inner mounting protrusions 44 b protrude from the base 44 a and are situated under the bolt holes 51, respectively. Two bolt holes 52 are formed in each of the inner mounting protrusions 44 b in alignment with the respective bolt holes 51 in the direction of z-axis. Outer mounting protrusions 44 c are formed on opposite sides of the circular base 44 a as viewed in the direction of y-axis via curved portions 44 b. Two bolt holes 53 are formed in each of the outer mounting protrusions 44 c.

The coupler 44 is secured to the flange 31 a of the follower rotor 31 by means of nuts 54 b and bolts 54 a inserted through the bolt holes 51, 52. Also, the coupler 44 is secured to the lower brush retainer plate 45 by means of nuts 55 b and bolts 55 a inserted through the bolt holes 53.

The cross sectional view of FIG. 3 illustrates the coupler 44 as viewed from the direction of C in FIG. 5 so that the mounting of the coupler 44 may be understood more easily.

FIG. 6 is a cross sectional view taken along the line B-B in FIG. 3. The circular base 44 a of the coupler 44 is fitted in the follower rotor 31 and is coupled to the flange 31 a (not shown in FIG. 6) by means of bolts 54 a, as mentioned above. The coupler 44 is further coupled, by means of bolts 55 a, to the lower brush retainer plate 45 contained in the vessel 11 b. The two torque measuring brushes 46 a, 46 b connected to the torque measuring cable 15 are disposed on the same side of the lower brush retainer plate 45 in alignment with a line L crossing the rotation axis A_(rt). As the lower brush retainer plate 45 rotates, the torque measuring brushes 46 a, 46 b slide on the respective torque measuring slip rings 43 a, 43 b in the circumferential direction while keeping their alignment with the line L.

The function of the coupler 44 is as follows: During rotation of the follower rotor 31, the rotation axis thereof can occasionally become misaligned with the rotation axis A_(rt) in the x-y plane. In such a case, the curved portions 44 c absorb the misalignment in the direction of y-axis by their elastic deformation as seen from FIGS. 5 and 6. Moreover, since the curved portions 44 c each have a small width in the direction of x-axis, the base 44 a secured to the flange 31 a of the follower rotor 31 is allowed to move elastically in the direction of x-axis by the distance of misalignment with respect to the outer mounting protrusions 44 d secured to the lower brush retainer plate 45 by means of the bolts 55 a.

Thus, the lower brush retainer plate 45 can keep the position thereof on the x-y plane irrespective of axial misalignment of the follower rotor, thereby preventing the torque measuring brushes 46 a, 46 b from being misaligned in the x-y plane and thus from becoming out of contact with the torque measuring slip rings 43 a, 43 b.

Even though the follower rotor 31 tilts, the coupler 44 can keep the lower brush retainer plate 45 in position since the coupler 44 has elasticity also in the direction of z-axis by virtue of the curved portions 44 c.

The coupler 44 has sufficiently high rigidity in the circumferential direction, as is apparent from the shape thereof shown in FIG. 5. Thus, the lower brush retainer plate 45 is capable of rotating together with the follower rotor 31 via the coupler 44.

FIG. 7 is a perspective view of a coupler 71 according to another embodiment, which can be formed more easily than the aforementioned coupler. The coupler 71 is formed by punching a square metal plate and has an outer part 72, an inner part 73 and an intermediate part 74. The intermediate part 74 has two pairs of bolt holes 74 a on opposite sides thereof as viewed in the direction of x-axis. The outer part 72 has two pairs of bolt holes 72 a on opposite sides thereof as viewed in the direction of y-axis. The inner part 73 has a bolt hole 73 a formed in each of its four corners. The outer part 72 has folded portions 72 b bent in the direction of z-axis at both sides thereof as viewed in the direction of x-axis. The intermediate part 74 also has folded portions 74 b bent in the direction of z-axis at both sides thereof as viewed in the direction of y-axis. The inner part 73 and the intermediate part 74 are connected to each other by y-axis direction bridges 75, and the outer part 72 and the intermediate part 74 are connected to each other by x-axis direction bridges 76.

FIG. 8 is a plan view illustrating the coupler 71 of FIG. 7 attached to both the follower rotor 31 and the lower brush retainer plate 45. The inner part 73 of the coupler 71 is fitted in the follower rotor 31 and is secured to the flange 31 a by means of bolts 77. The outer part 72 and the intermediate part 74 are secured to the lower brush retainer plate 45 by means of bolts 78 and 79, respectively.

When the axis of the follower rotor 31 becomes misaligned in the x-y plane, the misalignment in the direction of x-axis is absorbed by elastic deformation of the y-axis direction bridges 75 in the direction of x-axis. On the other hand, the misalignment in the direction of y-axis is absorbed with the thin x-axis direction bridge 76 elastically deforming in the direction of y-axis. Therefore, even when the misalignment of the follower rotor 31 occurs, the lower brush retainer plate 45 can remain in its proper position.

FIG. 9 is a perspective view of the slip-ring retainer plate 40, showing a lower surface thereof on which are provided the torque measuring slip rings 43 a, 43 b. As mentioned above, the torque measuring slip rings 43 a, 43 b each have the shape of an arc having a center angle θ about the rotation axis At, since the difference of rotation angle between the active rotor and the follower rotor cannot become very great. The inner torque measuring slip ring 43 a is connected to the feeder slip ring 41 so that its back end may be at a ground voltage P₀ (=0V). On the other hand, the outer torque measuring slip ring 43 b is connected to the feeder slip ring 41 so that its front end may be at a ground voltage P₀.

As mentioned above, the torque measuring brushes 46 a, 46 b slide on the respective torque measuring slip rings 43 a, 43 b about the rotation axis A_(rt), while being located on the line L passing the rotation axis A_(rt). As shown in the figure, the initial position (neutral position) of the torque measuring brushes 46 a, 46 b is set at an intermediate point (i.e. the position of θ/2) of the torque measuring slip rings 43 a, 43 b. The sign indicative of the difference of rotation angle between the active and rotors is defined as follows: The sign is plus when the torque measuring brushes 46 a, 46 b relatively move clockwise; and the sign is minus when they relatively move counterclockwise.

FIG. 10 depicts voltages detected as the torque measuring brushes 46 a, 46 b slide on the respective slip rings. As the torque measuring brushes 46 a, 46 b slide in the positive (+) direction of the angle difference, the voltage detected by the torque measuring brush 46 a shows a straight line T₁. Because the detected voltage decreases down to the ground voltage. On the other hand, the voltage detected by the torque measuring brush 46 b shows a different straight line T₂, because the detected voltage increases more and more from the ground voltage. As far as no abnormality occurs, both of the torque measuring brushes 46 a, 46 b keep their positions aligned with the line L. Thus, the absolute value of the gradient of the voltage T₁ is equal to that of the voltage T₂.

To detect the occurrence of abnormal voltage, a voltage T₃ is used which is the sum of the voltages T₁ and T₂. As far as no abnormality occurs, the voltage T₃ takes a constant value. Based on the voltages T₁ and T₂ the controller 6 computes the sum voltage T₃ and detects the occurrence of abnormality.

As shown in FIG. 11, if the voltage T₂ shows an abnormal value T_(ir2) for some reason, then the voltage T₃ takes an abnormal value T_(ir3), deviating from the constant value. In such a case, the controller recognizes the occurrence of abnormality and carries out a predetermined process. The controller, however, is set in such a manner that a deviance falling within a predetermined range may not to be regarded as an abnormality.

FIG. 12 illustrates the layout of torque measuring slip rings different from that of the embodiment of the present invention. The torque measuring slip rings 81 a, 81 b are disposed on diametrically opposite side with respect to the rotation angle A_(rt) and occupy regions corresponding to a center angle θ. Torque measuring brushes 82 a, 82 b are also positioned diametrically opposite to each other with respect to the rotation angle A_(rt). However, this layout is similar to that shown in FIG. 10 in that the initial position of the torque measuring brushes 82 a, 82 b lies on the intermediate point of the torque measuring slip rings 81 a, 81 b and that the sign indicative of the difference of rotation angle is plus when the torque measuring brushes 82 a, 82 b move clockwise and is minus when the brushes 82 a, 82 b move counterclockwise. The back ends of the torque measuring slip rings 81 a, 81 b as viewed in FIG. 12 may be at a ground voltage.

FIG. 13 depicts voltages detected by the torque measuring slip rings 81 a, 81 b and the torque measuring brushes 82 a, 82 b. While no abnormality is observed, voltages T₁′ and T₂′ detected by the torque measuring brushes 82 a, 82 b, respectively, indicate the same values as the voltage T₁ and T₂.

However, it is very often that the automobile undergoes a sudden vibration while the torque measuring brushes 82 a, 82 b slide in the circumferential direction, with the result that both of the torque measuring brushes 82 a, 82 b translate or move in the same direction on the x-y plane as indicated by arrows Q. In this case, the voltage T₁′ detected by the torque measuring brush 82 a deviates in the direction away from the ground voltage P₀, showing an increased voltage Td₁′. On the other hand, the voltage T₂′ detected by the torque measuring brush 82 b also deviates in the direction away from the ground voltage P₀, similarly showing an increased voltage Td₁′.

Consequently, the sum voltage T₃′ of the voltages T₁′ and T₂′ increases up to Td₃′ in a region where the voltages Td₁′ and Td₂′ are summed up. Accordingly, the voltage T₃′ exceeds a threshold voltage V_(t) for discriminating the occurrence of abnormality. It is, however, undesirable that such vibration to be frequently observed and to fall within a normal range be regarded as abnormality.

According to the embodiment of the present invention shown in FIG. 9, the voltage T₁ detected by the torque measuring brush 46 a deviates in the direction away from the ground voltage P₀, showing a voltage Td₁, as shown in FIG. 14, in case of the aforementioned translation or movement in the direction Q. On the other hand, the voltage T₂ detected by the torque measuring brush 46 b deviates in the direction toward the ground voltage P₀, showing a voltage Td₂. Therefore, the voltages Td₁ and Td₂ offset each other, thereby keeping the sum voltage Td₃ constant and preventing a normal vibration from being regarded as abnormality.

It should be noted that the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described hereinabove. For example, the coupler 44 may be provided on the active rotor side.

It is also possible to apply the rotation sensor of the present invention to the links of a plurality of arms of a robot, etc.

It is to be noted that all suitable modifications and equivalents may be regarded as falling within the scope of the invention in the appended claims and their equivalents. 

1. A rotation sensor mounted on a rotatable shaft to detect a rotation angle of said shaft, comprising: first and second members each surrounding said shaft, being disposed separately from each other along an axis of said shaft, and relatively rotating along with rotation of said shaft; a slip ring carried on said fist member and extending concentrically with said shaft, said slip ring being made of a conductive metal; a film formed on said slip ring, the film being made of a synthetic resin having conductivity; and a conductive brush carried on said second member and slidably contacting said slip ring either directly or through said film, wherein: a sliding-contact position between said brush and said slip ring is displaced in a circumferential direction of said slip ring according to the rotation angle of said shaft when said first and second members relatively rotate; wherein said slip ring has a commonly used zone in which there exists said sliding-contact position with high frequency and a non-commonly used zone in which there exists said sliding-contact position with lower frequency than said commonly used zone; and wherein said film is formed on a part of said slip ring which includes said commonly used zone of said slip ring.
 2. The rotation sensor according to claim 1, wherein said shaft has a neutral position; and said brush contacts said slip ring through said film when said shaft is in the neutral position.
 3. The rotation sensor according to claim 1, wherein said synthetic resin having conductivity is a mixture including an epoxy resin and at least carbon as a conductive material.
 4. A slip ring utilized for detection of a rotation angle of a shaft in a rotation sensor mounted on the shaft, said rotation sensor including first and second members each surrounding said shaft, being disposed separately from each other along an axis of said shaft, and relatively rotating along with rotation of said shaft, said first member carrying said slip ring, and a conductive brush carried on said second member and slidably contacting said slip ring, wherein a sliding-contact position between said brush and said slip ring is displaced in a circumferential direction of said slip ring according to the rotation angle of said shaft when said first and second members relatively rotate, said slip ring comprising: a metal ring having conductivity; and a film formed on said metal ring, said film being made of a synthetic resin having conductivity wherein said metal ring has a commonly used zone in which there exists said sliding-contact position with high frequency and a non-commonly used zone in which there exists said sliding-contact position with lower frequency than said commonly used zone; and wherein said film is formed on a part of said metal ring which includes said commonly used zone of said slip ring.
 5. The slip ring according to claim 4, wherein said shaft has a neutral position; and said metal ring contacts said brush through said film when said shaft is in said neutral position.
 6. The slip ring according to claim 4, wherein said synthetic resin having conductivity is a mixture including an epoxy resin and at least carbon as conductive material. 